Barry Gholson Department of Psychology  The University of Memphis  Campus Box 526400 Memphis, TN 38152-6400  (901) 678-4697 (office) (901) 678-2579 (fax)  b.gholson@mail.psyc.memphis.edu

Links to Class Webpages

Professional Employment History

Education

Honors and Awards

USPHS National Institutes of Mental Health
Research Grant 1974 - 1976 (MH-22568)

The City University of New York Faculty Research
Awards, 1972 - 1974

USPHS Postdoctoral Fellowship 1968 - 1971

NSF Undergraduate Research Participant, Kent
State University 1963 - 1964.

Research Interests

Teaching Interests

Publications

Gholson, B., & Hohle, R. H.  (1968).  Verbal reaction times to hues printed in conflicting hue names and
      nonsense words.  Journal of Experimental Psychology, 76, 413-418.

Gholson, B., & Hohle, R. H.  (1968).  Verbal reaction times to hues vs. hue names and forms vs. form names.
      Perception & Psychophysics, 3, 191-196.

Hohle, R. H., & Gholson, B.  (1968).  Choice reaction times with equally and unequally probable
      alternatives.  Journal of Experimental Psychology, 78. 95-89.

Gholson, B., & Hohle, R. H.  (1969).  Supplementary report:  Choice reaction times as functions of intralist
      similarity, stimulus type, and number of equally probable alternatives.  Journal of Experimental
      Psychology, 82, 581-583.

Gholson, B., & Hohle, R. H.  (1970).  Choice response times as functions of inter-item similarity, anchor
      level, and stimulus type. Psychonomic Science, 18, 85-86.

Gholson, B., Levine, M., & Phillips, S.  (1972). Hypotheses, strategies, and stereotypes in discrimination
      learning.  Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 13, 423-446. Reprinted in Marvin Levine, (1975).  A
      cognitive theory of learning. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Gholson, B., Phillips, S., & Levine, M. (1973).  Effects of the temporal relationship of feedback and
      stimulus information upon discrimination learning strategies.  Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,
      15, 425-441.

Gholson, B., & McConville, K.  (1974).  Effects of stimulus differentiation training upon hypotheses,
      strategies, and stereotypes in discrimination learning among kindergarten children.  Journal of
      Experimental Child Psychology, 19, 81-97.

Gholson, B., & Danziger, S.  (1975).  Effects of two levels stimulus complexity upon hypothesis sampling
      systems among second and sixth grade children.  Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 20, 105-118.

Gholson, B., & O'Connor, J.  (1975). Dimensional control of hypothesis sampling during three-choice
      discrimination learning. Child Development, 46, 894-903.

Gholson, B., O'Connor, J., & Stern, I. (1976). Hypothesis sampling systems among preoperational and concrete
      operational kindergarten children.  Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 21, 61-76.

Mims, R. M., & Gholson, B.  (1977).  Effects of type and amount of feedback upon hypothesis sampling systems
      among seven- and eight-year-old children.  Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 24, 358-371.

Richman, S., & Gholson, B.  (1978).  Strategy modeling, age, and information-processing efficiency.  Journal
      of Experimental Child Psychology, 26, 58-70.

Schuepfer, T., & Gholson, B.  (1978).  The effects of IQ and mental age on hypothesis testing in normal and
      retarded children:  A methodological analysis.  Developmental Psychology, 14, 423-424.

Tumblin, A., Gholson, B., Rosenthal, T. L., & Kelley, J. E.  (1979).  The effects of gestural demonstration,
      verbal narration, and their combination on the acquisition of hypothesis-testing-behaviors by
      first-grade children. Child Development, 50, 254-256.

Barringer, C., & Gholson, B.  (1979).  Effects of type and combination of feedback upon conceptual learning
      by children:  Implications for research in academic learning.  Review of Education Research, 49,
      459-478.

Gholson, B., & Cohen, R.  (1980).  Operativity and strategic hypothesis testing.  The Genetic Epistemologist,
      9, 1-6.

Gholson, B., & Daniel, C.  (1980).  Effects of operative level upon hypothesis-sampling systems across the
      life span.  Perceptual and Motor Skills, 50, 1099-1102.

Tumblin, A., & Gholson., B.  (1981).  Hypothesis theory and the development of conceptual learning.
      Psychological Bulletin, 90, 102-124.

Gholson, B.  (1981).  Commentary on Kendler's review of The cognitive-developmental basis of human learning.
      Developmental Review, 1, 163-170.

Schuepfer, T., & Gholson, B.  (1983).  From response-set to prediction hypotheses:  Rule acquisition among
      preschoolers and second graders.  Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 36, 18-31.

Byrd, D. M., & Gholson, B.  (1985).  Reading, memory, and metacognition.  Journal of Educational Psychology,
      77, 428-436.

Gholson, B., & Barker, P.  (1985).  Kuhn, Lakatos, and Laudan:  Applications in the history of physics and
      psychology.  American Psychologist, 40, 755-769.

Kamhi, A. G., Nelson, L., Lee, R., & Gholson, B. (1985).  The ability of language-disordered children to use
      and modify hypotheses in discrimination learning.  Applied Psycholinguistics, 6, 435-452.

Gholson, B., & Barker, P.  (1986).  On metaphor in psychology and physics:  Reply to Farrell.  American
      Psychologist, 41, 720-721.

Gholson, B., Eymard, L. A., Morgan, D., & Kamhi, A. G. (1987).  Problem solving, recall, and isomorphic
      transfer among third-grade and sixth-grade children.  Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 43,
      227-243.

Gholson, B., Eymard, L. A., Long, D., Morgan, & Leeming, F. C.  (1988).  Problem solving, recall, isomorphic
      transfer, and non-isomorphic transfer among third-grade and fourth-grade children.  Cognitive
      Development, 3, 37-53.

Gholson, B., & Houts, A. C. (1989).   Toward a cognitive psychology of science.  Social Epistemology, 3,
      107-127.

Houts, A. C., & Gholson, B. (1989).  Brownian notions: One historicist philosopher's resistance to psychology
      of science via three truisims and ecological validity.  Social Epistemology, 3, 139-146.

Gholson, B., Dattel, A. R., Morgan, D., & Eymard, L. A. (1989).  Problem solving, recall, and mapping
      relations in isomorphic transfer and nonisomorphic transfer among preschoolers and elementary-school
      children.  Child Development, 60, 1172-1187.

Kamhi, A. G., Gentry, B., Mauer, D., & Gholson, B. (1990). Analogical transfer in language-impaired
      children.  Journal of Speech & Hearing Disorders, 55, 140-148.

Pierce, K. A., Duncan, M. K., Gholson, B., Ray, G. E., & Kamhi, A. G. (1993). Cognitive load, schema
      acquisition, and procedural adaptation in nonisomorphic analogical transfer.  Journal of Educational
      Psychology, 85, 66-74.

Magliano, J. P., Graesser, A. C., Eymard, L. A., Haberlandt, K., & Gholson, B. (1993). Locus of interpretive
      and inference processes during text comprehension: A comparison of gaze durations and word reading
      times.  Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19, 704-709.

Pierce, K. A., & Gholson, B. (1994). Surface similarity and relational similarity in the development of
      analogical problem solving: Isomorphic and nonisomorphic transfer.  Developmental Psychology.  30,
      724-737.

Gholson, B. (1994). Commentary.  Cognitive processes explain learning across the life span: Infants and
      toddlers are people too.  Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(No. 241,
      76-89).

Gholson, B. (1995). Psychology of science, cognitive science, and empirical philosophy.  Psychological
      Inquiry: An International Journal of Peer Commentary and Review, 6, 126-129.

Pierce, K. A., Crain, M. R., Gholson, B., Smither, D., & Rabinowitz, F. M. (1996). The sources of children's
      errors during nonisomorphic analogical transfer: Script theory and structure mapping theory.  Journal of
      Experimental Child Psychology, 62, 102-130.

Graesser, A. C., Gholson, B., & Houston, D. (1996). Resoning processes. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 10,
      S1-S2.

Gholson, B., Smither, D., Buhrman, A., Duncan, M. K., & Pierce, K. A. (1996). The sources of children's
      reasoning errors during analogical problem solving.  Applied Cognitive Psychology, 10, S85-S97.

Gholson, B., Smither, D., Buhrman, A., Duncan, M. K., & Pierce, K. A. (1996). The sources of children's
    reasoning errors during analogical problem solving. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 10(SI), S85-S97.

McCauley, L., Gholson, B., Hu, X., & Graesser (1998). Delivering smooth tutoreial dialogue using a talking
    head. In S. Prevost & Churchill, E. (Eds.), Workshop on embodied conversational characters (pp. 31-38).
    Tahoe City, California.

Graesser, A. C., Gholson, B., & Houston, D. (1996). Reasoning processes. Applied Cognitive Psychology,
    10(SI), S1-S2.

Craig, S., Gholson, B., Ventura, M, Graesser, A., &TRG (in press, winter 2000). Listening in øn dialogues
    and monologues in a virtual tutoring session: Learning and questioning. International Journal of Artificial
    Intelligence and Education.
 

Books, Chapters, &  Special Issues

Gholson, B. (1977).  Concept learning and development.  In B. Wolman (Ed.), International encyclopedia of
      psychiatry, psychology, psychoanalysis, & neurology (pp. 304-309). Boston: Aesculapius.

Gholson, B., & Beilin, H.  (1979).  A developmental model of human learning.  In H. W. Reese & L. P. Lipsitt
      (Eds.), Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. 13, pp. 47-81). New York: Academic Press.

Gholson, B., & Schuepfer, T.  (1979).  Commentary on Kendler's paper: An alternative perspective.  In. H. W.
      Reese & L. P. Lipsitt (Eds.), Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. 13, pp. 137-144).  New
      York: Academic Press.

Gholson, B. (1980).  The cognitive-developmental basis of human learning: Studies in hypothesis testing.  New
      York: Academic Press.

Gholson, B., & Rosenthal, T. L.  (Eds.)  (1984). Applications of cognitive-developmental theory. New York:
      Academic Press.

Byrd, D. M., & Gholson, B.  (1984).  A developmental model of reading.  In B. Gholson & T. L. Rosenthal
      (Eds.), Applications of cognitive-developmental theory (pp. 21-48). New York: Academic Press.

Barker, P., & Gholson, B.  (1984).  The history of the psychology of learning as a rational process:  Lakatos
      versus Kuhn.  In H. W. Reese (Ed.), Advances in child behavior and development (Vol. 18, pp. 227-244).
      New York: Academic Press.

Barker, P., & Gholson, B.  (1984).  From Kuhn to Lakatos to Laudan.  In H. W. Reese (Ed.), Advances in child
      behavior and development (Vol. 18, pp. 277-284).

Gholson, B., Shadish, W. R. Jr., Neimeyer, R. A., & Houts, A. C. (1989).  (Eds.), Psychology of science:
      Contributions to metascience.  Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Gholson, B., Freedman, E. G., & Houts, A. C. (1989).  Cognitive psychology of science.  In B. Gholson, W. R.
      Shadish, Jr., R. A. Neimeyer, & A. C. Houts (Eds.), Psychology of science: Contributions to metascience
      (pp. 267-274).  Cambridge, England: York:  Cambridge University Press.

Shadish, W. R. Jr., Houts, A. C., Gholson, B., & Neimeyer, R. A. (1989).  The psychology of science: An
      introduction.  In B. Gholson, W. R. Shadish, Jr., R. A. Neimeyer, & A. C. Houts (Eds.), Psychology of
      science: Contributions to metascience (pp. 1-16).  Cambridge, England:  Cambridge University Press.

Neimeyer, R. A., Shadish, W. R. Jr., Freedman, E., Gholson, B., & Houts, A. C. (1989).  In B. Gholson, W. R.
      Shadish, Jr., R.  A., & A. C. Houts (Eds.), Psychology of science: Contributions to metascience (pp.
      429-448). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Gholson, B., Morgan, D., Dattel, A. R., & Pierce, K. A.  (1990).  The development of analogical problem
      solving: Strategic processes in schema acquisition and transfer.  In D. F. Bjorklund (Ed.), Children's
      strategies: Contemporary views of cognitive development(269-308). Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.

Gholson, B., Smither, D., & Buhrman, A., Duncan, M. K., & Pierce, K. A. (1997). Children's development of
      analogical problem-solving skill. In L. English (Ed.), Mathematical reasoning: Analogies, metaphors, and
      images (pp.149-189) Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.

Graesser, A. C., Gholson, B., & Houston, D. (1996). (Eds.),  Reasoning Processes. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 10(SI), S1-S146.

Presentations

Gholson, B., & Hohle, R. H.  (1966, May).  Inferred components of reaction times as functions of stimulus
      uncertainty.  Paper presented at the Midwestern Psychological Association Meetings, Chicago, IL.

Bechtoldt, H. P., & Gholson, B.  (1968, May).  Size-distance relationships of monocular and binocular
      stimuli. Paper presented at the Midwestern Psychological Association Meetings, Chicago, IL.

Levine, M., & Gholson, B.  (1970, March).  Invited address: Hypotheses, language, and strategies.  Paper
      presented at the Conference on Language and Higher Mental Processes, Binghamton, N.Y.

Levine, M., & Gholson, B.  (1971, November).  Hypothesis sampling systems by children and adults.  Paper
      presented at the Psychonomic Society Meetings, St. Louis, MO.

Gholson, B., & McConville, K.  (1973, March).  Effects of the manipulation of several cognitive subprocesses
      upon hypothesis sampling systems among children of different ages.  Paper presented at the Society for
      Research in Child Development Meetings, Philadelphia, PA.

Gholson, B.  (1976, April).  Hypothesis sampling systems and development.  Paper presented at the
      Southeastern Conference on Human Development Meetings, Nashville, TN.

Gholson, B.  (1976, September).  Developmental stages, hypothesis theory and vicarious learning.  Paper
      presented at the American Psychological Association Meetings, Washington, D.C.

Ryan, H., Gholson, B., & Leeming, F. C.  (1977, May).  Investigations of the generality and boundary
      conditions of domain confined hypothesis sampling.  Paper presented at the Southeastern Psychological
      Association Meetings, Hollywood, FL.

Gholson, B.  (1977, June).  Developmental stages, hypothesis theory, and individual differences.  Paper
      presented at the NATO International Conference on Cognitive Psychology and Instruction,  Amsterdam, The
      Netherlands.  ERIC Document (ED 143 695).

Gholson, B.  (1978, April)  Discussant:  Children's problem solving:  Perspectives on a theoretical
      synthesis.  Symposium presented at the Southeastern Conference on Human Development Meetings, Atlanta,
      GA.

Gholson, B., Schuepfer, T., & Daniel, C.  (1979, November).  The acquisition of prediction hypotheses from
      components.  Paper presented at the Psychonomic Society Meetings, Phoenix, AZ.

Gholson, B.  (1980, April).  Effects of operativity upon the emergence and processing of hypotheses.  Paper
      presented at the Southeastern Conference on Human Development Meetings, Arlington, VA.

Gholson, B., & Byrd, D. M.  (1980, November).  Memory development, mnemonic training, and problem solving.
      Paper presented at the Psychonomic Society Meetings, St. Louis, MO.

Gholson, B.  (1981, April).  Research programs and "paradigm shifts" in the psychology of learning.  Paper
      presented at the Society for Philosophy and Psychology Meetings, Louisville, KY.

Gholson, B.  (1981, April).  A cognitive-developmental model of word-recognition processes.  Paper presented
      at the Memphis State Conference on Applications of Cognitive Development Theory, Memphis, TN.

Gholson, B.  (1982).  Research programs:  An analysis of the scientific history of learning theory.  Paper
      presented at the Southeastern Conference on Human Development, Baltimore, MD.

Gholson, B., & Barker, P.  (1983, April).  Philosophy of science and the history of learning and mediation.
      Paper presented at the Society for Research in Child Development Meetings, Detroit, MI.

Nelson, L., Kamhi, A., Lee, R., & Gholson, B.  (1983, November).  Hypothesis testing abilities of language
      impaired children.  Paper presented at the American Speech and Hearing Association Meetings, Cincinnati,
      OH.

Gholson, B., Eymard, L. A., & Morgan, D.  (1986, April).  Analogical reasoning and the acquisition of
      problem-solving schemata among third- and sixth-grade children.  Paper presented at the Conference on
      Human Development, Southeast Region Meetings, Nashville, TN.

Gholson, B., Eymard, L. A., Long, D., & Morgan, D.  (1986, November).  The acquisition and transfer of mental
      models.  Paper presented at the Psychonomic Society Meetings, New Orleans, LA.

Gentry, B., Kamhi, A. G., Marer, D., & Gholson, B.  (1987, November).  Problem-solving in language-impaired
      children: Doing but not saying.  Paper presented at the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
      Meetings, New Orleans, LA.

Gholson, B., Houts, A. C., & Freedman, E.  (1987, November).  Toward a cognitive psychology of science.
      Paper presented at the Boulder Conference on Psychology of Science, Boulder, CO.

Gholson, B. (1988).  (1988, August).  Toward a cognitive psychology of science.  Paper presented at the
      American Psychological Association Meetings, Atlanta, GA.

Gholson, B., Dattel, A., Eymard, L. A., & Morgan, D. (1988, March).  Isomorphic and homomorphic mappings:
      Analogical problem solving among children from four to twelve years of age. Paper presented at the
      Southwestern Society for Research in Human Development Meetings, New Orleans, LA.

Gholson, B., Morgan, D., Dattel, A., & Eymard, L., & Houts, A. C. (1988, March). Problem solving, recall,
      isomorphic transfer, and homomorphic transfer among preschool, kindergarten, and elementary-school
      children.  Paper presented at the Conference on Humane Development Meetings, Charleston, SC.

Magliano, J. P., Eymard, L. A., Gholson, B., Haberlandt, K., & Graesser, A. C. (1989, June). The impact of
      inference generation on the gaze durations in narrative text.  Paper presented at the American
      Psychological Society Meetings, Washington, D.C.

Gholson, B., & Hemphill, D. (1989, November). Simulating analogical reasoning in scheduling problems.  Paper
      presented at the Psychonomic Society Meetings, Atlanta, GA.

Hemphill, D., Crain, M., Duncan, M., & Gholson, B. (1990, March). Studies of nonisomorphic transfer involving
      specified partial mappings and known constraint differences.  Paper presented at the Southwestern
      Society for Research in Human Development Meetings, Dallas TX.

Gholson, B., Pierce, K., & Powell, L. (1990, March). Nonisomorphic transfer: Structural vs. surface mappings
      and varieties of operator experience.  Paper presented at the Conference on Human Development Meetings,
      Richmond, VA.

Pierce, K., Gholson, B., Crain, R. M., Duncan, M. K., & Hemphill, D. D. (1991, April). Nonisomorphic
      analogical reasoning.  Paper presented at the Society for Research in Child Development Meetings,
      Seattle, WA.

Gholson, B. (1991, April).  Developmental studies of analogical mappings: Structural vs. surface features.
      Paper presented at the Society for Research in Child Development Meetings, Seattle, WA.

Morgan, D., Gholson, B., & Hopkinson, P. (1991, June). Analogical reasoning in missionaries/cannibals and
      jealous husbands problems.  Paper presented at the American Psychological Society Meetings, Washington,
      D.C.

Pierce, K. A., Gholson, B., Duncan, M., Crain, M., & Ray, G. E. (1992, April). Effects of cognitive load and
      relational structure on transfer.  Paper presented at the Conference on Human Development Meetings,
      Atlanta, GA.

Pierce, K. A., & Gholson, B. (1993, March). Analogical reasoning and the relational shift hypothesis.  Paper
      presented at the Society for Research in Child Development Meetings, New Orleans, LA.

Pierce, K. A., Smither, D., & Gholson, B. (1995, March-April). Nonisomorphic analogical problem solving:
      Scripted solution paths vs higher order structure.  Paper presented at the Society for Research in Child
      Development Meetings, Indianapolis, Indiana.

Gholson, B., Smither, D., Buhrman, A. & Pierce, K. A. (1995, March). The sources of children's errors in
      nonisomorphic analogical transfer.  Paper presented at the Southeastern Psychological Association
      Meetings, Savanna, Georgia.

Buhrman, A. K., Smither, D., Duncan, M., & Gholson, B. (1996, March). The sources of chidlren's reasoning
      errors during analogical problem solving.  Paper presented at the Conference on Human Development
      Meetings, Birmingham, Alabama.

Gholson, B.  Developmental differences in analogical problem solving processes: Current computational
      models.  Paper presented in invited symposium and the XXVI International Congress of Psychology,
      Montreeal, Canada, August, 1996.

Smither, D., Buhrman, A., & Gholson, B. (1998, March). Evidence that the Relaitonal Shift in Analogical
      Reasoning is not due to Analytical Reasoning Ability.  Paper presented at the Conference on Human
      Development Meetings, Mobile, Alabama.

McCauley, L., Gholson, B, & Marks, W. (1998). A demonstration of Auto Tutor. Paper presented as part of a
      Symposium: Auto Tutor: A computer tutor that simulates human tutorial dialogue. Presented at the Society
      for Text and Disocurse Meetings, Madison, WI, August.

McCauley, L., Gholson, B., Hu, Xiangen, & Graesser, A. (1998). Delivering smooth tutorial dialogue using a
      talking head. In Prevost, S., & Churchill, E. (Eds.), Workshop on Embodied conversational characteers.
      Tahoe City, CA, October.

Smither, D., & Gholson, B. (1999). A preliminary exploration oƒ children's perfromance on analogical transfer
      procedfures in the domain of rudimentary algebra.  Paper presented at The Society for Research in Child
      Development Meetings, Albuquerque, NM, April.

Craig, S. D.,Gholson, B.,Garzon M. H., Hu, X., Marks, W., Wiemer-Hastings P., Lu, Z. & The Tutoring Research
      Group (1999, July). AutoTutor and Otto Tudor. Presented at the International Conference On Artificial
      Intelligence in Education. Le Mans, France.

Craig, S. D., Gholson, B., Smither, D. & The Tutoring Research Group (1999, August). Listening in on
      dialogues and monologues of embodied agents in virtual tutoring sessions: Learning and questioning.
      Presented at The Society for Text and Discourse. Vancouver, Canada.

Smither, D. D., & Gholson, B. (2000, April). Animation and test quality as mediators of knowledge acquisition
      of rudimentary physics principles. Paper Presented at the Conference on Human Development Meetings,
      Memphis, TN, April.

Newsletters and Reviews

Gholson, B. (1989). The development of analogical reasoning processes. SWSRHD Newsletter, September, 2.

Gholson, B. (1990). Cognitive development and child psychotherapy.  Contemporary Psychology, 35, 467-468.

Gholson, B., & Houts, A. C. (in press).  Regions of the mind: Brain research and the quest for scientific
      certainty, by Susan Leigh Star.  Contemporary Sociology.

Professional Organizations